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TODO: Proof source code
TODO: if Nik adds MSVC project files, mention that first in compiling section
TODO: discussion of missing input settings in index: saturation, dead zone, analog/digital sensitivity, etc. All missing now.
TODO: input stuff to be written in section 12
TODO: final proof read, then convert all tabs to spaces
TODO: don't forget to add date to revision history!
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A Sega Model 3 Arcade Emulator.
Copyright 2011 Bart Trzynadlowski, Nik Henson
USER MANUAL FOR SUPERMODEL VERSION 0.2A
================
Introduction
================
Supermodel emulates the Sega Model 3 arcade platform. It uses OpenGL 2.1 and
SDL, and can run on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. In order to use it, you must
legally possess ROM images of Model 3 games. Learning to operate Supermodel
will come with a steep learning curve for most people. Before seeking out
help, please read this user manual carefully.
Supermodel is distributed as free software under the terms of the GNU General
Public License, included in LICENSE.txt. Additional copyright information for
software included within Supermodel is located at the bottom of this file.
The source code may be obtained from the official Supermodel web site:
http://www.Supermodel3.com
==============
Disclaimer
==============
This is an early public release of Supermodel. It is very much preliminary,
alpha version software (hence the 'a' in the version number). Development
began in January of 2011 and has focused on reverse engineering aspects of the
Model 3 that are still unknown. Consequently, many important features, such as
a proper user interface, are not yet implemented and game compatibility is
still low.
=====================
Table of Contents
=====================
--- Introduction
--- Disclaimer
--- Table of Conents
1. Revision History
2. Installing Supermodel
3. Running Supermodel
4. Game Compatibility
5. Video Settings
6. Audio Settings
7. Controls
8. Force Feedback
9. Save States and NVRAM
10. Game-Specific Comments and Tips
11. Merging Split ROM Sets
12. The Configuration File
13. Index of Command Line Options
14. Index of Configuration File Settings
15. Compiling the Source Code
16. Contact Information
17. Acknowledgments
=======================
1. Revision History
=======================
Version 0.2a (September 24, 2011)
- New, fully customizable input system. Supports any combination of
keyboards, mice, and analog and digital controllers. [Nik Henson]
- Texture offsets. Fixes models in 'Fighting Vipers 2', 'Virtual On',
cars in the 'Scud Race' and 'Daytona USA 2' selection screens, etc.
- Fixed a 2D palette bug that would cause black pixels to occasionally
turn transparent.
- Added all remaining ROM sets. [krom]
- Got some new games to boot: 'Spikeout', 'Ski Champ', 'Sega Bass
Fishing', 'Dirt Devils', etc.
- Sound support. Special thanks to ElSemi for contributing his SCSP
emulator and Karl Stenerud for allowing us to use his 68K emulator.
- Multi-threading support. Sound and drive board emulation are off-
loaded to separate threads, substantially enhancing performance.
[Nik Henson]
- Z80 emulation based on code by Frank D. Cringle and YAZE-AG by
Andreas Gerlich.
- Digital Sound Board (MPEG music) emulation courtesy of R. Belmont and
the MPEG decoder library by Tomislav Uzelac.
- Improved ROM loader. It should no longer be as easily confused by
combined ROM sets as long as unused files are removed.
- Configuration file now supports more settings and allows game-
specific customization.
- Added light gun crosshairs ('The Lost World'), enabled by default in
full screen mode and selectable by pressing Alt-I.
- Drive board and force feedback emulation for 'Scud Race', 'Daytona
USA 2', and 'Sega Rally 2'. [Nik Henson]
- Viewable display area properly clipped. Ghost artifacts no longer
appear in border regions when the resolution exceeds the display
area.
- Changed gear shifting: added a dedicated neutral gear and sequential
shifting.
- Console-based debugger (not enabled by default, must be
enabled during compile-time). [Nik Henson]
- Source code and Makefile cleanup.
Version 0.1.2a (April 3, 2011)
- Included missing GLEW files.
Version 0.1.1a (April 2, 2011)
- Minor source code update.
- Set Render3D to NULL in the CReal3D constructor. Fixes crashes that
occur on some builds. [Nik Henson]
- Cleaned up UNIX Makefile and added OS X Makefile. [R. Belmont]
- Small changes to ppc_ops.cpp for C++0x compliance. [R. Belmont]
- Included glew.h into the source tree. [R. Belmont]
- Changed WIN32 definition to SUPERMODEL_WIN32.
Version 0.1a (April 1, 2011)
- Initial public alpha release.
============================
2. Installing Supermodel
============================
To install Supermodel on Windows, extract the ZIP archive containing the
Supermodel executable to a folder of your choice. The following files and
directories should be created:
Name Description
---- -----------
Supermodel.exe Supermodel program. Run this.
SDL.dll The SDL library. Use the bundled DLL file.
README.txt This text file.
LICENSE.txt Supermodel license and terms of use.
Config/ Directory where the configuration file is stored.
Config/Supermodel.ini Configuration file containing default input
settings.
NVRAM/ Directory where NVRAM contents will be saved.
Saves/ Directory where save states will be saved.
Supermodel requires OpenGL 2.1 and a substantial amount of both video and
system memory. A very fast CPU and GPU are needed to achieve playable frame
rates.
As of this version, Linux and Mac OS X binaries are not provided. Users must
compile their own.
=========================
3. Running Supermodel
=========================
For now, Supermodel does not include a proper user interface. It is operated
entirely from the command line. Run 'supermodel' without any command line
arguments for an explanation of supported options.
Supermodel uses MAME-compatible ROM sets. It loads from ZIP archives based on
file checksums and automatically detects games; therefore, file names are not
important. Only one ZIP file can be specified on the command line. For
example:
supermodel scud.zip -fullscreen
This will load 'scud.zip' (Scud Race) and run it in full screen mode.
Initially, inputs are assigned according to the settings in 'Supermodel.ini',
located in the 'Config' subdirectory.
Note that there is no user interface and all messages are printed to the
command prompt. In full screen mode, they will not be visible.
=========================
4. Game Compatibility
=========================
Supermodel recognizes all known Model 3 ROM sets but not all of them are
playable. Below is a compatibility matrix. The most obvious problem with each
ROM set is reported.
ROM Set Title Playable? Comments
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| bass | Sega Bass Fishing | No | No controls. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| daytona2 | Daytona USA 2 Battle on the Edge | Yes | Minor graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| dayto2pe | Daytona USA 2 Power Edition | Yes | Minor graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| dirtdvls | Dirt Devils | Yes | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| dirtdvlsa | Dirt Devils (Alternate) | Yes | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| eca | Emergency Call Ambulance | No | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| ecax | Emergency Call Ambulance (Export) | No | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| fvipers2 | Fighting Vipers 2 | Yes | Slow. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| getbass | Get Bass | No | Does not boot. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| harley | Harley Davidson & L.A. Riders | No | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| harleyb | Harley Davidson & L.A. Riders (Rev. B) | No | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| lamachin | L.A. Machineguns | No | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| lemans24 | Le Mans 24 | Yes | Some texture |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| lostwsga | The Lost World | Yes | Some texture |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| magtruck | Magical Truck Adventure | No | Does not boot. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| oceanhun | The Ocean Hunter | No | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| scud | Scud Race (Australia) | Yes | Minor shading |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| scuda | Scud Race (Export) | Yes | Minor shading |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| scudj | Scud Race (Japan) | Yes | Mis-colored 2D |
| | | | graphics. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| scudp | Scud Race Plus | Yes | Minor shading |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| skichamp | Ski Champ | No | Severe graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| spikeofe | Spikeout Final Edition | Yes | Some texture |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| spikeout | Spikeout | Yes | Some texture |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| srally2 | Sega Rally 2 | Yes | Major graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| srally2x | Sega Rally 2 DX | No | Does not boot. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| swtrilgy | Star Wars Trilogy (Rev. A) | Yes | Some graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| swtrilgya | Star Wars Trilogy | No | Does not boot. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vf3 | Virtua Fighter 3 | Yes | Major graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vf3a | Virtua Fighter 3 (Rev. A) | Yes | Major graphics |
| | | | problems. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vf3tb | Virtua Fighter 3 Team Battle | No | Cannot coin up. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| von2 | Virtual On Oratorio Tangram | Yes | Encrypted 2D |
| | | | graphics. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| von254g | Virtual On Oratorio Tangram (Ver. 5.4g) | Yes | Encrypted 2D |
| | | | graphics. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vs2 | Virtua Striker 2 (Step 2.0) | Yes | Slow. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vs215 | Virtua Striker 2 (Step 1.5) | Yes | Slow. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vs298 | Virtua Striker 2 '98 (Step 2.0) | Yes | Slow. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vs29815 | Virtua Striker 2 '98 (Step 1.5) | Yes | Slow. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vs299 | Virtua Striker 2 '99 | No | PowerPC error. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vs299a | Virtua Striker 2 '99 (Rev. A) | No | PowerPC error. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vs299b | Virtua Striker 2 '99 (Rev. B) | No | PowerPC error. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
| vs2v991 | Virtua Striker 2 '99.1 | No | PowerPC error. |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+-----+-----------------+
Most ROM sets suffering from severe graphical problems are categorized as non-
playable when in fact many are partially playable. Controls may not be fully
functional, however, and none have been tested thoroughly.
=====================
5. Video Settings
=====================
Supermodel may be run in either windowed (default) or full screen mode. It
automatically adjusts the display area to retain the aspect ratio of the Model
3's native (and Supermodel's default) resolution, 496x384. Currently, this
cannot be overriden. Changing video modes at run-time is not yet supported.
By default, Supermodel limits the frame rate to 60 frames per second. This has
no impact on performance except when the frame rate exceeds 60 FPS on fast
systems. Frame rate limiting can be disabled with the '-no-throttle' option.
Some video drivers may continue to lock to the refresh rate.
To change the resolution, use the '-res' command line option. For full screen
mode, use '-fullscreen'. For example, to set a full screen 1920x1080 mode,
try:
supermodel game.zip -res=1920,1080 -fullscreen
Video settings may also be specified globally or on a per-game basis in the
configuration file, described elsewhere in this manual.
=====================
6. Audio Settings
=====================
All Model 3 games have a sound board that is used for sound effects and, in
some games, background music. A few games use additional Digital Sound Boards
(DSB) for MPEG music. 'Music' in Supermodel refers exclusively to MPEG music
produced by the DSB and 'sound' refers to both the sound effects and background
music produced by the regular sound board.
Model 3 sound and MPEG music are generated separately and then mixed by an
amplifier. The relative signal levels are not known, so Supermodel simply
outputs all audio at full volume. This causes the MPEG music to be too quiet
in some games ('Scud Race', 'Daytona USA 2') and too loud in others ('Star Wars
Trilogy'). The '-sound-volume' and '-music-volume' options can be used to
change the volume. As arguments, they take a volume level in percent ranging
from 0 (muted) to 200% (maximum, doubled amplitude). For example:
supermodel game.zip -sound-volume=50 -music-volume=170
This command line cuts the sound volume in half and increases the music volume
by 70%.
The F9 and F10 keys can be used to adjust music volume during run-time, while
F11 and F12 control sound volume.
Clipping and distortion will occur if the combined sound and music volume
levels become too high.
To disable sound and music board emulation altogether, use the '-no-sound' and
'-no-dsb' options. These will not merely mute the corresponding audio channels
but will prevent the audio co-processors from being emulated altogether. Save
states generated with these settings may not be able to properly restore audio
when loaded after emulation is re-enabled.
Audio settings may also be specified globally or on a per-game basis in the
configuration file, described elsewhere in this document.
Please keep in mind that MPEG music emulation is preliminary and the decoder is
buggy. Periodic squeaks and pops occur on many music tracks. The Sega Custom
Sound Processor (SCSP) emulator, used for sound emulation, is an older version
of ElSemi's code and also quite buggy. Sound glitches are known to occur now
and then, and many sounds and tunes do not sound quite correct yet.
===============
7. Controls
===============
Game controls are fully configurable and can be mapped to keyboards, mice, and
game controllers. Emulator functions, on the other hand, cannot be changed and
are listed below.
Function Key Assignment
-------- --------------
Exit Escape
Pause Alt-P
Reset Alt-R
Clear NVRAM Alt-N
Crosshairs (for light gun games) Alt-I
Toggle 60 Hz Frame Limiting Alt-T
Save State F5
Load State F7
Change Save Slot F6
Decrease Music Volume F9
Increase Music Volume F10
Decrease Sound Volume F11
Increase Sound Volume F12
Learning and Configuring Game Controls
--------------------------------------
Settings for game controls are stored in 'Supermodel.ini'. To learn the
current configuration, use the '-print-inputs' command line option. If you
delete 'Supermodel.ini', all inputs will become unmapped and will have to be
reconfigured!
supermodel -print-inputs
If you wish to reconfigure, use the '-config-inputs' option. A blank window
will open up and instructions will be printed to the command prompt. Read them
carefully! Pressing the Escape key exits without saving changes. Pressing 'q'
will save changes to 'Supermodel.ini'. You can choose which input to configure
using the Up and Down arrow keys. Clearing an input means it will be unusable.
If the configuration dialog is not responding to your key presses, make sure
that the blank pop-up window rather than the command prompt is selected. This
may seem counter-intuitive but inputs are captured by the graphical window
while messages are printed to the command prompt.
XBox 360 Controllers
--------------------
For full XBox 360 controller support, the XInput system must be used on Windows
('-input-system=xinput'). Otherwise, the left and right trigger buttons cannot
be mapped individually and force feedback will not work. Please read the
section titled 'Input Systems', further below.
Mac OS X users can use Colin Munro's XBox 360 controller driver:
http://tattiebogle.net/index.php/ProjectRoot/Xbox360Controller/OsxDriver
Analog Controls
---------------
Analog controls, such as steering wheels, pedals, and the light gun axes, can
be mapped to analog controllers, such as joysticks, wheels, and mice, if
available. Under digital control, the analog value will increment or decrement
until it reaches its maximum/minimum values. The rate of change can only be
set manually in the configuration file. These options are described elsewhere
in this document.
Most analog inputs, such as the steering wheel, require two settings to be
controlled digitally. For example, the steering wheel can be turned left and
right by setting 'Steer Left' and 'Steer Right', or it can be mapped to a
single analog control ('Full Steering').
Shifting Gears
--------------
Racing game gears can be mapped to individual buttons, including one for the
neutral position, or can be shifted sequentially. Games which only provide two
gears name them 'Up' and 'Down'. These should not be confused with 'Shift Up'
and 'Shift Down', the sequential shift commands.
Virtual On Twin Joysticks
-------------------------
'Virtual On Oratorio Tangram' features a twin joystick control scheme similar
to a tracked vehicle (e.g. a tank). Movement is accomplished by pushing both
joysticks in the same direction. Pushing and pulling in opposite directions
will turn the robot, while pulling the joysticks apart sideways or pushing them
inwards are for jumping and falling back down to the ground, respectively.
Supermodel supports mapping the individual joysticks but also provides 'macro'
controls by default. These allow all the necessary twin joystick commands to
be replicated with individual controls. The mapping is below:
Macro Control Twin Joystick Equivalent
------------- ------------------------
Turn Left Left joystick down, right joystick up.
Turn Right Left joystick up, right joystick down.
Forward Both joysticks up.
Reverse Both joysticks down.
Strafe Left Both joysticks left.
Strafe Right Both joysticks right.
Jump Left joystick left, right joystick right.
Crouch Left joystick right, right joystick left.
Light Guns
----------
Light gun axes can be mapped to mice, analog controls, or even digital buttons.
To simulate pointing off-screen (required in order to reload), a 'point off-
screen' input is provided which, for as long as it is pressed, will aim the gun
off-screen. To reload, hold down this button and then, while holding it, press
the trigger. For automatic reloading, the 'InputAutoTrigger' setting can be
enabled in the configuration file (described elsewhere in this manual).
Crosshairs will be visible in full screen mode and can also be enabled in
windowed modes. Use Alt-I to cycle through different crosshair options (enable
for a single player, both, or none).
For multiple mouse support, allowing two mice or PC light guns to be mapped,
Raw Input must be used. This is supported only on Windows and is described
below.
Input Systems
-------------
Supermodel supports multiple input APIs to provide the best possible
compatibility for different input devices and configuration schemes. On
Windows, the default is DirectInput. On all other platforms, SDL is the only
option available.
Windows users can select between four different input systems:
- DirectInput. Selected with '-input-system=dinput'. This is the default.
It provides the best support for PC game controllers and, when emulating
force feedback, allows all effects (if the controller supports them).
- XInput. Selected with '-input-system=xinput'. This must be used with
XBox 360 controllers, otherwise some buttons will not be usable and force
feedback will not work.
- Raw Input. Selected with '-input-system=rawinput'. This is intended for
use with multiple mice and keyboards but is not recommended otherwise.
- SDL. Selected with '-input-system=sdl'. The standard, cross-platform
input system intended for non-Windows builds. It is accessible on
Windows but does not provide full support for all devices.
When switching input systems with '-input-system', you must also configure your
inputs using the same option. For example, when running Supermodel with XInput
('supermodel game.zip -input-system=xinput'), you must also configure with
XInput ('supermodel -config-inputs -input-system=xinput'). Many settings are
not compatible between input systems.
A common mistake is to configure inputs using one system and then launch
Supermodel with another.
=====================
8. Force Feedback
=====================
Force feedback is presently supported in 'Scud Race' (including 'Scud Race
Plus'), 'Daytona USA 2' (both editions), and 'Sega Rally 2' on Windows only. To
enable it, use the '-force-feedback' option.
Drive board ROMs are required. They first appear in the MAME 0.143u6 ROM
catalog and at the time of this writing, have not yet widely proliferated.
Game Drive Board ROM File Size Checksum (CRC32)
---- -------------------- ---- ----------------
Daytona USA 2 epr-20985.bin 64 KB B139481D
Scud Race epr-19338a.bin 64 KB C9FAC464
Sega Rally 2 epr-20512.bin 64 KB CF64350D
The sizes and checksums must match those listed above. The file names may be
different but will almost certainly contain the same identifying numbers.
Ensure that the appropriate drive board ROM files are present in the
corresponding games' ZIP archives, otherwise Supermodel will silently proceed
without force feedback.
Force feedback will only work with the DirectInput (the default on Windows) and
XInput input systems. XInput is intended only for XBox 360 controllers, which
do not support force feedback through DirectInput.
Tuning Force Feedback
---------------------
Force feedback can be enabled and tuned in the configuration file. Setting
'ForceFeedback' to 1 enables it:
ForceFeedback = 1
There are four DirectInput effects: constant force, self centering, friction,
and vibration. The strength of each can be tuned with the following settings:
DirectInputConstForceMax = 100
DirectInputSelfCenterMax = 100
DirectInputFrictionMax = 100
DirectInputVibrateMax = 100
They are given as percentages and represent the maximum strength for each
effect. A setting of 0 disables them entirely. Values above 100% are
accepted but may clip or distort the effect (and possibly damage your
hardware). By default, they are set to 100%, as shown above.
XInput devices only support vibration feedback via the left and right motors.
Because the characteristics of the motors are different, the effects will feel
somewhat asymmetric. The constant force effect is simulated with vibrations.
The relevant settings are:
XInputConstForceThreshold = 30
XInputConstForceMax = 100
XInputVibrateMax = 100
The constant force threshold specifies how strong a constant force command must
be before it is sent to the controller as a vibration effect (whose strength is
determined by XInputConstForceMax). The default values are shown above and
will require calibration by the user on a game-by-game basis to achieve the
best feel.
============================
9. Save States and NVRAM
============================
Save states are saved and restored by pressing F5 and F7, respectively. Up to
10 different save slots can be selected with F6. All files are written to the
Saves/ directory, which must exist beforehand. If you extracted the Supermodel
ZIP file correctly, it will have been created automatically.
If a Model 3 co-processor (ie. sound board, DSB, drive board) is disabled when
a save state is taken, it will not resume normal operation when the state is
loaded, even if Supermodel is running with the co-processor re-enabled. The
drive board (and consequently, force feedback effects) is explicitly disabled
for the remainder of the session if a save state with an inactive drive board
is loaded. Audio co-processors are not, and therefore audio playback may
eventually resume after the audio boards have booted themselves up.
Non-volatile memory (NVRAM) consists of battery-backed backup RAM and an EEPROM
chip. The former is used for high score data and statistics whereas the latter
stores machine settings (often accessed using the Test buttons). NVRAM is
automatically saved each time Supermodel exits and is loaded at start-up. It
can be cleared by deleting the NVRAM files or pressing Alt-N.
=======================================
10. Game-Specific Comments and Tips
=======================================
Daytona USA 2 and Daytona USA 2 Power Edition
---------------------------------------------
To bypass the network board error, enter the Test Menu by pressing the Test
button. Navigate to 'Game Assignments' using the Service button and select it
with Test. Change 'Link ID' from 'Master' to 'Single'.
In 'Daytona USA 2', the region menu can be accessed by entering the Test Menu,
holding down the Start button, and pressing: VR4, VR4, VR2, VR3, VR1, VR3, VR2.
Changing the region to USA changes game text to English.
By default, the 'Power Edition' ROM set features remixed music lyrics by
Takenobu Mitsuyoshi. These can be changed back to the Dennis St. James version
in the Test Menu, under 'Game Assignments'.
Le Mans 24
----------
The region can be changed by entering the test menu (press the Test button) and
pressing: Start, Start, Service, Service, Start, Test.
Star Wars Trilogy
-----------------
Inserting coins and starting a game before any 3D graphics have been displayed
in attract mode will result in a PowerPC crash before the stage loads. This is
caused by an unknown emulation bug. Simply wait until the Darth Vader sequence
appears before attempting to start a game.
If 'Star Wars Trilogy' is booting directly into the stage select screen, it is
probably because you exited Supermodel with credits still in the machine.
Clear the NVRAM (Alt-N) and reset the game (Alt-R).
Sega Rally 2
------------
As with 'Star Wars Trilogy', you may experience problems if you attempt to
start a game before any 3D graphics are displayed (for example, during the Sega
logo).
The region can be changed by entering the test menu (press the Test button) and
then pressing the Service button four times for short durations, twice for long
durations, twice for short durations, and once again for a long duration.
Spikeout and Spikeout Final Edition
-----------------------------------
These games can be played all the way through but may lock up during the
attract mode. There are periodic texture glitches due to Supermodel's
inadequate texture caching system and possibly also due to a texture offset
bug.
The Lost World
--------------
To reload, the light gun must be pointed off-screen by pressing (and holding)
the 'off-screen' button and, simultaneously, pressing the trigger to shoot.
This behavior can be changed with the 'InputAutoTrigger' setting in the
configuration file.
The region can be changed by entering the test menu (press the Test button) and
pressing: Start, Start, Service, Start, Service, Test. Use the player 1 Start
button.
Virtua Fighter 3
----------------
The game is playable but there are numerous graphical glitches, particularly
during transition scenes.
Virtua Striker 2 '98 (Step 1.5 and 2.0 versions)
------------------------------------------------
The Virtua Striker games all run very slowly for an unknown reason.
The region can be changed by entering the test menu (press the Test button)
and, in the 'Game Assignments' menu, performing the following sequence:
1. Press the Service button once for about 5 seconds.
2. Press the Service button three times shortly.
3. Press the Service button again one time for about 5 seconds.
==============================
11. Merging Split ROM Sets
==============================
ROMs that are split into parent and child sets (eg., 'Scud Race Plus', whose
parent ROM set is 'Scud Race') must be combined into a single ZIP file. ROM
files from the parent set that have the same IC numbers (usually the file
extension but sometimes the number in the file name itself) as child ROMs
should be deleted, otherwise Supermodel may choose to load the parent game.
For example, 'Scud Race Plus' is normally distributed containing only the
following files:
epr-20092a.17
epr-20093a.18
epr-20094a.19
epr-20095a.20
epr-20096a.21
mpr-20097.13
mpr-20098.14
mpr-20099.15
mpr-20100.16
mpr-20101.24
To merge with the parent ROM set, copy over all files from 'Scud Race' except
those with extension numbers 17-21, 13-16, and 24. Some 'Scud Race Plus' ROM
sets may have 'mpr-20101.23' instead of 'mpr-20101.24'. They are the same file
and in both cases should replace the file with extension 24 from 'Scud Race'
('mpr-19671.24').
==============================
12. The Configuration File
==============================
Supermodel reads configuration settings from 'Supermodel.ini' located in the
'Config' subdirectory. If Supermodel was installed properly, a default file
should have been created. When starting up, Supermodel parses settings in the
following order:
1. Global settings are read from 'Supermodel.ini'. These include input
mappings and apply to all games.
2. If the ROM set was loaded correctly, game-specific settings are read
from 'Supermodel.ini', overriding settings from step 1.
3. Command line options are applied, overriding settings from the previous
steps.
In other words, command line options have the highest precedence, followed by
game-specific settings, and lastly, global settings.
An index of all allowed settings is provided further below in this document.
NOTE: Type carefully! Supermodel will not report syntax errors nor detect
typos. Carefully read the discussion of the file syntax below. To verify that
your intended settings are taking effect, check the 'error.log' file that is
produced by Supermodel during each run.
File Structure and Syntax
-------------------------
The configuration file is a list of settings grouped by sections. All setting
names and their arguments are case sensitive. They take the form:
Name = Argument
Only one setting per line is allowed. Only two types of arguments are allowed:
integers and strings. The choice of which to use is determined by the setting.
Integers are unsigned and begin at 0. Strings can contain any characters and
are enclosed by double quotes. Examples:
IntegerSetting1 = 0
IntegerSetting2 = 65536
StringSetting1 = "This is a string."
StringSetting2 = "123"
StringSetting3 = "1+1, abc, these are all valid characters!"
Many settings are simply boolean variables expecting an integer value of either
0 (disabled) or 1 (enabled). Some settings require values and others take
strings for file names or input mappings.
Section names appear in between square brackets on their own lines.
[ SectionName ]
Settings that appear at the beginning of the file without a preceeding section
are automatically assigned to 'Global'.
Comments begin with a semicolon and extend until the end of the line.
; This is a comment.
Global and Game-Specific Sections
---------------------------------
Sections determine whether settings are applied globally, to all games, or to
specific games. Game-specific settings will override global settings and can
be used to tune Supermodel on a game-by-game basis. Global settings must be
placed in the 'Global' section and game-specific settings in sections named
after the ROM sets. ROM sets must be typed in lower case and use the MAME
(http://www.mamedev.org) naming convention. They can be obtained by running
'supermodel -print-games'.
Input mappings are special. They are only read from the 'Global' section!
In the example below, custom configurations are created for 'Scud Race' and
'The Lost World'. All other games will use the global settings.
[ Global ]
; Run full screen at 1024x768
XResolution = 1024
YResolution = 768
FullScreen = 1
; Scud Race
[ scud ]
; Run at 1080p
XResolution = 1920
YResolution = 1080
; Music is too quiet by default
SoundVolume = 50
MusicVolume = 200
; The Lost World
[ lostwsga ]
PowerPCFrequency = 25 ; run PowerPC at 25 MHz
In this example, only 'Scud Race' will run at 1920x1080. All other games will
use 1024x768. 'Scud Race' will also have altered volume settings. 'The Lost
World' will be run with a lower PowerPC frequency but all other games will use
the default.
Input Mappings
--------------
Input mappings are specified with strings that have their own internal syntax.
They may only be specified in the 'Global' section and are ignored elsewhere.
... TODO: write me
The complete list of input settings can be found in the settings index below or
by generating a configuration file using '-config-inputs'.
=====================================
13. Index of Command Line Options
=====================================
All valid command line settings are listed here, ordered by category. Defaults
are given under the assumption that they have not been changed in the
configuration file.
Square brackets ('[' and ']') indicate optional parameters. Angled brackets
('<' and '>') indicate mandatory parameters. Do not type the brackets. No
spaces may appear inside of an option. For example, 'supermodel game.zip
-ppc-frequency=25' is correct but 'supermodel game.zip -ppc-frequency = 25' is
not. All options are case sensitive.
Option: -?
-h
Description: Prints a message with an overview of the command line
options and how to run Supermodel.
----------------
Option: -print-games
Description: Lists all supported ROM sets. Not all supported ROM sets
are playable yet.
----------------
Option: -no-threads
Description: Disables multi-threading. When enabled (the default), the
PowerPC, graphics rendering, and user interface are run in
one thread, sound emulation in a second thread, and the
drive board in a third. It is enabled by default. On
single-core systems, multi-threading adds overhead and
slows Supermodel down but can make audio sound a bit
smoother.
----------------
Option: -ppc-frequency=<f>
Description: Sets the PowerPC frequency in MHz. The default is 50.
Higher frequencies will allow games to do more processing
per frame, making them run faster in 'virtual' time, but
may slow down Supermodel on weaker computers. Supermodel's
performance can frequently be improved by lowering the
PowerPC frequency (25 MHz works in many games). In some
games, this will cause timing problems and jerky
performance. The optimum frequency will vary from game to
game and system to system. Valid values for <f> are 1 to
1000.
----------------
Option: -fullscreen
Description: Runs in full screen mode. The default is to run in a
window.
----------------
Option: -no-throttle
Description: Disables 60 FPS throttling. The Model 3 runs at a 60 Hz
refresh rate, which Supermodel enforces if this option is
omitted. Unthrottled operation may not work on some
systems because graphics drivers may lock the refresh rate
on their own.
----------------
Option: -print-gl-info
Description: Prints OpenGL driver information and quits.
----------------
Option: -res=<x>,<y>
Description: Resolution of the display in pixels, with <x> being width
and <y> being height. The default is 496x384, the Model
3's native resolution.
----------------
Option: -show-fps
Description: Shows the frame rate in the window title bar.
----------------
Option: -frag-shader=<file>
-vert-shader=<file>
Description: Allows external fragment and vertex shaders to be used for
3D rendering. <file> is the file path. Files should be
ASCII text files containing GLSL source code. The file
extension is not important. By default, Supermodel's
internal shader programs are used. These options are
intended for future extensibility and for use by
developers.
----------------
Option: -flip-stereo
Description: Swaps the left and right audio channels.
----------------
Option: -no-dsb
Description: Disables Digital Sound Board (MPEG music) emulation. See
the section on audio settings for more information.
----------------
Option: -no-sound
Description: Disables sound board (sound effects) emulation. See the
section on audio settings for more information.
----------------
Option: -music-volume=<v>
-sound-volume=<v>
Description: Specifies the volume of MPEG music produced by the Digital
Sound Board and the audio produced by the sound board in
percent. The default is 100, which is full volume, and the
valid range of <v> is 0 (muted) to 200. See the section on
audio settings for more information.
----------------
Option: -config-inputs
Description: Launches the interacive input configuration utility in the
command prompt window. Allows controls to be remapped.
See the section on controls for more information.
----------------
Option: -force-feedback
Description: Enables force feedback. Force feedback is only supported
in a few games (see the section on force feedback for more
details). Available only on Windows.
----------------
Option: -input-system=<s>
Description: Sets the input system. This is only available on Windows,
where the default is 'dinput' (DirectInput). SDL is used
for all other platforms. Valid choices for <s> are:
dinput DirectInput.
xinput XInput
rawinput Raw Input.
sdl SDL.
See the section on input systems for more details.
----------------
Option: -print-inputs
Description: Prints the current input configuration.
============================================
14. Index of Configuration File Settings
============================================
All valid configuration file settings are listed here, ordered by category.
Please read the section describing the configuration file for more information.
All settings are case sensitive.
Name: MultiThreaded
Argument: Integer.
Description: If set to 1, enables multi-threading; if set to 0, runs all
emulation in a single thread. Read the description of the
'-no-threads' command line option for more information.
----------------
Name: PowerPCFrequency
Argument: Integer.
Description: The PowerPC frequency in MHz. The default is 50.
Equivalent to the '-ppc-frequency' command line option.
----------------
Name: FullScreen
Argument: Integer.
Description: If set to 1, runs in full screen mode; if set to 0, runs in
a window. Disabled by default. Equivalent to the
'-fullscreen' command line option.
----------------
Name: ShowFrameRate
Argument: Integer.
Description: Shows the frame rate in the window title bar when set to 1.
If set to 0, the frame rate is not computed. Disabled by
default. Equivalent to the '-show-fps' command line
option.
----------------
Name: Throttle
Argument: Integer.
Description: Controls 60 FPS throttling. It is enabled by setting to 1
and disabled by setting to 0. For more information, read
the description of the '-no-throttle' command line option.
----------------
Name: XResolution
YResolution
Argument: Integer.
Description: Resolution of the display in pixels. The default is
496x384, the Model 3's native resolution. Equivalent to
the '-res' command line option.
----------------
Name: FragmentShader
VertexShader
Argument: String.
Description: Path to the external fragment or vertex shader file to use
for 3D rendering. By default, these are not set and the
internal default shaders are used. These are equivalent to
the '-frag-shader' and '-vert-shader' command line options.
----------------
Name: EmulateDSB
Argument: Integer.
Description: Emulates the Digital Sound Board if set to 1, disables it
if set to 0. See the section on audio settings for more
information. A setting of 0 is equivalent to the
'-no-dsb' command line option.
----------------
Name: EmulateSound
Argument: Integer.
Description: Emulates the sound board and its two Sega Custom Sound
Processors if set to 1, disables it if set to 0. See the
section on audio settings for more information. A setting
of 0 is equivalent to the '-no-sound' command line option.
----------------
Name: FlipStereo
Argument: Integer.
Description: Swaps the left and right stereo channels if set to 1. If
set to 0, outputs the channels normally. Disabled by
default. A setting of 1 is equivalent to using the
'-flip-stereo' command line option.
----------------
Name: MusicVolume
SoundVolume
Argument: Integer.
Description: Specifies the volume of MPEG music produced by the Digital
Sound Board and the audio produced by the sound board in
percent. The default is 100, which is full volume, and the
valid range is 0 (muted) to 200%. See the section on audio
settings for more information. The equivalent command line
options are '-music-volume' and '-sound-volume'.
----------------
Name: ForceFeedback
Argument: Integer.
Description: If set to 1, enables force feedback emulation; if set to 0,
disables it (the default behavior). Equivalent to the
'-force-feedback' command line option. Available only on
Windows.
----------------
Name: DirectInputConstForceMax
DirectInputFrictionMax
DirectInputSelfCenterMax
DirectInputVibrateMax
Argument: Integer value.
Description: Sets strength of the four DirectInput force feedback
effects in percent. Default is 100, indicating full
strength. Values exceeding 100% will distort the effects
and may damage your controller. Available only on Windows.
----------------
Name: XInputConstForceMax
XInputVibrateMax
Argument: Integer value.
Description: Sets strength of XInput force feedback effects in percent.
Default is 100, indicating full strength. Values exceeding
100% will distort the effects and may damage your
controller. The constant force effect is simulated using
vibration. Available only on Windows.
----------------
Name: XInputConstForceThreshold
Argument: Integer value.
Description: Minimum strength above which a Model 3 constant force
command will be simulated on an XInput device.
XInputConstForceMax determines the vibration strength for
this effect. The default value is 30. Available only on
Windows.
----------------
Names: InputStart1
InputStart2
InputCoin1
InputCoin2
InputServiceA
InputServiceB
InputTestA
InputTestB
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for common inputs: player 1 and 2 Start buttons,
both coin slots, and both Service and Test buttons. Can
only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Names: InputJoyDown
InputJoyDown2
InputJoyLeft
InputJoyLeft2
InputJoyRight
InputJoyRight2
InputJoyUp
InputJoyUp2
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for 4-way digital joysticks (players 1 and 2).
These controls appear in 'Virtua Fighter 3', 'Fighting
Vipers 2', 'Spikeout', etc. Can only be set in the
'Global' section.
----------------
Names: InputEscape
InputEscape2
InputGuard
InputGuard2
InputKick
InputKick2
InputPunch
InputPunch2
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for fighting game buttons (players 1 and 2). Can
only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Names: InputBeat
InputCharge
InputJump
InputShift
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for 'Spikeout' and 'Spikeout Final Edition'
buttons. Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputLongPass
InputLongPass2
InputShortPass
InputShortPass2
InputShoot
InputShoot2
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for the 'Virtua Striker 2' series of games
(players 1 and 2). Can only be set in the 'Global'
section.
----------------
Name: InputSteering
Argument: String.
Description: Mapping for the analog steering wheel axis, used in all
driving games. Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputSteeringLeft
InputSteeringRight
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for digital control of the steering wheel,
intended for users who do not have an analog controller.
Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputBrake
InputAccelerator
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for brake and accelerator pedals used in driving
games. These are analog axes but can also be mapped to
digital inputs if needed. Can only be set in the 'Global'
section.
----------------
Name: InputGearShift1
InputGearShift2
InputGearShift3
InputGearShift4
InputGearShiftN
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for the gear box used in driving games. In games
with only two gears (e.g. 'Le Mans 24'), InputGearShift1
maps to 'Up' and InputGearShift2 to 'Down'. A neutral
position can also be selected. Can only be set in the
'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputGearShiftDown
InputGearShiftUp
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for sequential shifting. These allow gears to be
selected sequentially: N, 1, 2, 3, 4. Can only be set in
the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputVR1
InputVR2
InputVR3
InputVR4
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for the 'VR' (color-coded view select) buttons in
racing games (e.g. 'Scud Race', 'Daytona USA 2', etc.) Can
only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputViewChange
Argument: String.
Description: Mapping for the view change button used in 'Sega Rally 2',
'Dirt Devils', and 'Emergency Car Ambulance'. Can only be
set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputHandBrake
Argument: String.
Description: Mapping for the hand brake button used in 'Sega Rally 2'.
Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputTwinJoyCrouch
InputTwinJoyForward
InputTwinJoyJump
InputTwinJoyReverse
InputTwinJoyStrafeLeft
InputTwinJoyStrafeRight
InputTwinJoyTurnLeft
InputTwinJoyTurnRight
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for 'macro' commands for 'Virtual On Oratorio
Tangram'. These allow movements to be mapped to single
digital inputs and do not require the use of two joysticks.
Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputTwinJoyDown1
InputTwinJoyDown2
InputTwinJoyLeft1
InputTwinJoyLeft2
InputTwinJoyRight1
InputTwinJoyRight2
InputTwinJoyUp1
InputTwinJoyUp2
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for the individual joysticks used by 'Virtual On
Oratorio Tangram'. The left stick is stick #1 and the
right stick is #2. Can only be set in the 'Global'
section.
----------------
Name: InputTwinJoyShot1
InputTwinJoyShot2
InputTwinJoyTurbo1
InputTwinJoyTurbo2
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for the shot (trigger) and turbo buttons located
on the left (1) and right (2) joysticks in 'Virtual On
Oratorio Tangram'. Can only be set in the 'Global'
section.
----------------
Name: InputAnalogJoyDown
InputAnalogJoyLeft
InputAnalogJoyRight
InputAnalogJoyUp
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for digital control of the analog joystick used in
'Star Wars Trilogy'. Two inputs are provided for the two
directions available on each axis. Can only be set in the
'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputAnalogJoyX
InputAnalogJoyY
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for X and Y axes of the analog joystick in 'Star
Wars Trilogy'. Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputAnalogJoyTrigger
InputAnalogJoyEvent
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for the trigger and Event button in 'Star Wars
Trilogy'. Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputGunDown
InputGunDown2
InputGunLeft
InputGunLeft2
InputGunRight
InputGunRight2
InputGunUp
InputGunUp2
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for digital control of the light guns in 'The Lost
World'. Inputs for motion in each direction are provided.
Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputGunX
InputGunX2
InputGunY
InputGunY2
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for both analog axes of the light guns in 'The
Lost World'. Can only be set in the 'Global' section.
----------------
Name: InputOffscreen
InputOffscreen2
InputTrigger
InputTrigger2
Argument: String.
Description: Mappings for the light gun triggers and off-screen
controls in 'The Lost World'. The off-screen button aims
the light gun off-screen while it is pressed, which makes
re-loading possible. Can only be set in the 'Global'
section.
----------------
Name: InputAutoTrigger
InputAutoTrigger2
Argument: Integer.
Description: When set to 1, the off-screen button will also
automatically reload (no need to pull the trigger). Can
only be set in the 'Global' section.
=================================
15. Compiling the Source Code
=================================
First, ensure that OpenGL, SDL (http://www.libsdl.org), and zlib
(http://zlib.net) are installed. GLEW (http://glew.sourceforge.net) is
included in the source tree and does not need to be installed separately.
Next, extract the Supermodel source code and copy the appropriate Makefile
from the Makefiles/ directory to the base directory (that is, the one above
Src/ and Makefiles/). Makefiles for 32-bit Windows (Microsoft Visual C++
2008), Linux/UNIX (GCC), and Mac OS X (GCC) are provided, all requiring GNU
Make. For Windows developers, MinGW (http://www.mingw.org) provides GNU Make.
Alternatively, you can write a Makefile compatible with Microsoft Nmake and
submit it for inclusion in the next release. ;) Consult the Visual Studio
documentation to learn how to configure the Microsoft compiler for command line
operation.
Edit SDL_LIBPATH and SDL_INCLUDEPATH to reflect the location of the SDL
development library and header files. This should only be necessary for
Windows. The UNIX and Mac OS X Makefiles should be able to automatically
locate SDL if it was installed properly.
On Windows, Supermodel is compiled with the multi-threaded, static version of
the run-time library (/MT option). However, the SDL and zlib development
libraries, and the SDL run-time DLL, are distributed for use with the dynamic
run-time (/MD option). They must all be recompiled using /MT to work with
Supermodel. Alternatively, Supermodel's Makefile can be edited to use the /MD
option.
When everything is ready, rename the appropriate Makefile to 'Makefile' and run
'make'. If all goes well it should produce a Supermodel binary.
===========================
16. Contact Information
===========================
The official Supermodel web site is:
http://www.Supermodel3.com
Questions? Comments? Contributions? Your feedback is welcome! A discussion
forum is available at the web site and the primary author, Bart Trzynadlowski,
can be reached by email at:
supermodel.emu@gmail.com
We ask that you remain mindful of the following courtesies:
- Do NOT ask about ROMs.
- Do NOT request features.
- Do NOT ask about release dates of future versions.
=======================
17. Acknowledgments
=======================
Numerous people contributed their precious time and energy to this project.
Without them, Supermodel would not have been possible. In no particular order,
we would like to thank:
- Ville Linde, original Supermodel team member and MAMEDev extraordinaire
- Stefano Teso, original Supermodel team member
- ElSemi, for all sorts of technical information and insight
- Naibo Zhang, for his work on Model 3 graphics
- R. Belmont, for all sorts of help and the Mac OS X port
- krom, for adding in the remaining ROM sets
- Andrew Lewis (a.k.a. Andy Geezer), for dumping the drive board ROMs and
providing region codes
- The Guru, for his efforts in dumping Model 3 ROM sets
- Abelardo Vidal Martos, for providing extremely useful video recordings of
actual Model 3 games
- Andrew Gardner, for fruitful discussion
- Chad Reker, Alex Corrigan, pcvideogamer, and Groni, for being especially
thorough play-testers
- Charles MacDonald, for his helpful description of the System 24 tile
generator
- And of course, my sister Nicole, for help with web site images
Supermodel includes code from the following projects:
- zlib: http://zlib.net
- minizip: http://www.winimage.com/zLibDll/minizip.html
- YAZE-AG: http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/users/ag/yaze/
- Amp by Tomislav Uzalec
- The OpenGL Extension Wrangler Library (GLEW):
http://glew.sourceforge.net
The OpenGL Extension Wrangler Library
Copyright (C) 2002-2008, Milan Ikits <milan ikits[]ieee org>
Copyright (C) 2002-2008, Marcelo E. Magallon <mmagallo[]debian org>
Copyright (C) 2002, Lev Povalahev
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* The name of the author may be used to endorse or promote products
derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.